~During Mus'ab ibn Umayr RA's mission in Yathrib, before the Second Covenant of Aqaba
After the First Covenant of Aqaba, the Prophet ﷺ sent Mus'ab ibn Umayr RA to Yathrib (later Madinah) to teach the new Muslims there. Within a few weeks of his arrival, around 40 people had become Muslim. The Prophet ﷺ then told them they could hold the Friday congregational prayer (Salat al-Jumu'ah).
So the first Friday sermon in the history of Islam was not given by the Prophet ﷺ himself. The Muslims in Makkah could not yet pray in public. Instead it was given by Mus'ab ibn Umayr RA, at the house of As'ad ibn Zurarah, who was hosting him.
This was the first Friday prayer and sermon in Islamic history. It later became part of a legal debate over the minimum number of people needed for the Friday prayer. The Hanbali school cites the 40 converts on this occasion, although the number may simply have been a coincidence.
Other events recorded around the same time. Their order within the year is not established; use the storyline above for the sequence.
Nothing recorded for this event yet.
فَإِذَا قُضِيَتِ الصَّلَاةُ فَانتَشِرُوا فِي الْأَرْضِ وَابْتَغُوا مِن فَضْلِ اللَّهِ
“And when the prayer has been concluded, disperse within the land and seek from the bounty of Allah.”
Surah Al-Jumu'ah 62:10 legislates the core structure of Salat al-Jumu'ah -- hastening to the prayer and dispersing to seek Allah's bounty afterward -- the very practice this event marks the historical institution of: the first Salat al-Jumu'ah ever prayed in Islam, led by Mus'ab ibn Umayr RA in Yathrib before the Prophet ﷺ's own arrival.